研究：蒙娜丽莎是否“微笑”要看观众情绪
蒙娜丽莎到底是在微笑还是在苦笑？长久以来，不同的人都有不同的理解。如今科学家的一项最新研究认为，这其实和人们当时的情绪有很大关系。
Scientists have discovered why the Mona Lisa's expression looks so different to different people and at different times.
不同的人在不同的时间段观察蒙娜丽莎的表情会得到完全不一样的印象，对于这一现象，科学家们已经找到其中的原因了。
For centuries, art lovers and critics have been perplexed by and debated the Leonardo Da Vinci paintings gaze and slight smile - or is it a grimace?
几百年来，艺术爱好者和评论家一直对莱奥纳多?达芬奇这幅画中人物的目光和她的微笑（或是苦相？）感到困惑，并争论不休。
But new research from the University of California, San Francisco has shed new light on the luminous and seemingly changing face of the Mona Lisa.
不过，美国旧金山加利福尼亚大学的一项新研究让人们对蒙娜丽莎明亮且看起来不断变化的表情有了新的理解。
Through experiments on visual perception and neurology, they discovered that our emotions really do alter how we see a neutral face.
通过视觉和神经学实验，科学家们发现，我们的情绪确实可以改变我们看待一个中性脸部表情的方式。
Dr Erika Siegel and her colleagues study how our emotions change our perceptions of the world around us - even when we aren't aware that something has changed our feelings.
来自加利福尼亚大学的埃丽卡?西格尔博士及其同事研究情绪如何改变我们对周围世界的理解，甚至我们自己都没有意识到有些事情已经影响了我们的心情。
This relies on the modern theory of 'the brain as a predictive organ, instead of a reactive one,' says Dr Siegel.
西格尔说，这基于“大脑是一种预测性器官而非反应性器官”的这一现代理论。
In other words, 'we have a lifetime of experience and we use those experiences to predict what we are going to experience next. '
西格尔解释说，换言之，“我们积累了一生的经验，并使用这些经验来预测接下来将要发生的事情。”
“Incoming information is actually just used to correct the predictions if they turn out to be wrong,” Dr Siegel explains.
“如果这种预测证明是错误的，新的信息实际上只是用来纠正预测。”
So, she and her team predicted that how we perceive a new face - as happy, sad, friendly, neutral - actually has a lot more to do with the feelings we are carrying around when we greet it than the expression on that face.
因此，西格尔及其团队预测，人们对一张新面孔——究竟是愉快、悲伤、友好，还是中性的理解，实际上会更多地与我们看见这张面孔时自身的情绪有关，而不是这张面孔的实际传达的表情有关。
Dr Siegel and her team can actually simulate that subconscious experience of our feelings thanks to a trick our vision plays on us.
实际上，西格尔的团队可以利用视觉具有欺骗性这一原理模拟出人类情感的潜意识经验。
We all have one dominant eye and one more passive non-dominant one.
每个人都有一个主视眼和一个相对而言比较被动的非主视眼。
If each eye is receiving different information, we only consciously perceive what dominant one sees. But non-dominant sights can still seep into our subconscious.
如果两个眼睛接收到的信息不同，那么我们下意识地只接受主视眼所看到的情景。但非主视眼所看到的信息仍然会留在我们的潜意识中。
Dr Siegel and her team use this to gently and prime their study participants to feel one way or another.
西格尔极其团队利用这一原理谨慎地引导研究参与者，让他们对面部表情产生不同的感觉。
They showed 43 people two sets of flashing images simultaneously, so that the dominant eye saw and registered neutral expressions, while the non-dominant eye 'saw' flashes of neutral, grimacing or smiling faces that they would only subconsciously be aware of.
他们向43人同时展示两组一闪而过的照片，以便让主视眼看到并记下中性表情，同时让非主视眼“看到”中性、苦笑或微笑的面孔，而参与者只能在潜意识中记住这些面孔。
After viewing the flashing faces, the researchers showed the participants options of faces and asked pick out which ones they had seen.
在看过这些一闪而过的面孔后，研究人员让参与者看一些表情图片，并让他们挑选出哪些是曾经看到过的。
When their non-dominant eyes had seen a happy face, they were more likely to think the neutral face had actually been smiling, and the same was true for grimaces and neutral faces.
当参与者中非主视眼看过的是笑脸时，他们更倾向于认为那张中性面孔实际上是在微笑。而对于看到了痛苦和中性表情的面孔的参与者，情况亦是如此。
This means that 'if you see the Mona Lisa after you have just had a screaming fight with your husband, you're going to see [the painting] differently,' says Dr Siegel.
西格尔说，这意味着“如果一个人刚刚同丈夫大吵一架，那么在她看到蒙娜丽莎这幅画后会和别人有不同的理解”。
'But if you're having the time of your life at the Louvre, you're going to see the enigmatic smile,' she adds.
她补充说：“但如果你正在享受卢浮宫的美好时光的话，那你便会看到蒙娜丽莎那神秘的微笑。”
'We are the architects of our own experience. Our brain makes predictions about what it expects to see and uses information from the world to update its expectations,' Dr Siegel says.
西格尔说：“我们是我们自身经历的建造师。我们的大脑对即将看到的场面做出预测，同时用外部世界的信息更新预测。”
所以，你看到的蒙娜丽莎是什么表情呢？
来源：每日邮报、参考消息网
Scientists have discovered why the Mona Lisa's expression looks so different to different people and at different times.
不同的人在不同的时间段观察蒙娜丽莎的表情会得到完全不一样的印象，对于这一现象，科学家们已经找到其中的原因了。
For centuries, art lovers and critics have been perplexed by and debated the Leonardo Da Vinci paintings gaze and slight smile - or is it a grimace?
几百年来，艺术爱好者和评论家一直对莱奥纳多?达芬奇这幅画中人物的目光和她的微笑（或是苦相？）感到困惑，并争论不休。
But new research from the University of California, San Francisco has shed new light on the luminous and seemingly changing face of the Mona Lisa.
不过，美国旧金山加利福尼亚大学的一项新研究让人们对蒙娜丽莎明亮且看起来不断变化的表情有了新的理解。
Through experiments on visual perception and neurology, they discovered that our emotions really do alter how we see a neutral face.
通过视觉和神经学实验，科学家们发现，我们的情绪确实可以改变我们看待一个中性脸部表情的方式。
Dr Erika Siegel and her colleagues study how our emotions change our perceptions of the world around us - even when we aren't aware that something has changed our feelings.
来自加利福尼亚大学的埃丽卡?西格尔博士及其同事研究情绪如何改变我们对周围世界的理解，甚至我们自己都没有意识到有些事情已经影响了我们的心情。
This relies on the modern theory of 'the brain as a predictive organ, instead of a reactive one,' says Dr Siegel.
西格尔说，这基于“大脑是一种预测性器官而非反应性器官”的这一现代理论。
In other words, 'we have a lifetime of experience and we use those experiences to predict what we are going to experience next. '
西格尔解释说，换言之，“我们积累了一生的经验，并使用这些经验来预测接下来将要发生的事情。”
“Incoming information is actually just used to correct the predictions if they turn out to be wrong,” Dr Siegel explains.
“如果这种预测证明是错误的，新的信息实际上只是用来纠正预测。”
So, she and her team predicted that how we perceive a new face - as happy, sad, friendly, neutral - actually has a lot more to do with the feelings we are carrying around when we greet it than the expression on that face.
因此，西格尔及其团队预测，人们对一张新面孔——究竟是愉快、悲伤、友好，还是中性的理解，实际上会更多地与我们看见这张面孔时自身的情绪有关，而不是这张面孔的实际传达的表情有关。
Dr Siegel and her team can actually simulate that subconscious experience of our feelings thanks to a trick our vision plays on us.
实际上，西格尔的团队可以利用视觉具有欺骗性这一原理模拟出人类情感的潜意识经验。
We all have one dominant eye and one more passive non-dominant one.
每个人都有一个主视眼和一个相对而言比较被动的非主视眼。
如果两个眼睛接收到的信息不同，那么我们下意识地只接受主视眼所看到的情景。但非主视眼所看到的信息仍然会留在我们的潜意识中。
Dr Siegel and her team use this to gently and prime their study participants to feel one way or another.
西格尔极其团队利用这一原理谨慎地引导研究参与者，让他们对面部表情产生不同的感觉。
They showed 43 people two sets of flashing images simultaneously, so that the dominant eye saw and registered neutral expressions, while the non-dominant eye 'saw' flashes of neutral, grimacing or smiling faces that they would only subconsciously be aware of.
他们向43人同时展示两组一闪而过的照片，以便让主视眼看到并记下中性表情，同时让非主视眼“看到”中性、苦笑或微笑的面孔，而参与者只能在潜意识中记住这些面孔。
After viewing the flashing faces, the researchers showed the participants options of faces and asked pick out which ones they had seen.
在看过这些一闪而过的面孔后，研究人员让参与者看一些表情图片，并让他们挑选出哪些是曾经看到过的。
When their non-dominant eyes had seen a happy face, they were more likely to think the neutral face had actually been smiling, and the same was true for grimaces and neutral faces.
当参与者中非主视眼看过的是笑脸时，他们更倾向于认为那张中性面孔实际上是在微笑。而对于看到了痛苦和中性表情的面孔的参与者，情况亦是如此。
This means that 'if you see the Mona Lisa after you have just had a screaming fight with your husband, you're going to see [the painting] differently,' says Dr Siegel.
西格尔说，这意味着“如果一个人刚刚同丈夫大吵一架，那么在她看到蒙娜丽莎这幅画后会和别人有不同的理解”。
'But if you're having the time of your life at the Louvre, you're going to see the enigmatic smile,' she adds.
她补充说：“但如果你正在享受卢浮宫的美好时光的话，那你便会看到蒙娜丽莎那神秘的微笑。”
'We are the architects of our own experience. Our brain makes predictions about what it expects to see and uses information from the world to update its expectations,' Dr Siegel says.
西格尔说：“我们是我们自身经历的建造师。我们的大脑对即将看到的场面做出预测，同时用外部世界的信息更新预测。”
所以，你看到的蒙娜丽莎是什么表情呢？
来源：每日邮报、参考消息网
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