口译笔译考试翻译技巧：听辨技巧
一、听辨技巧
“听辨”，顾名思义，不仅要“听”还要“辨”，即思考、分析。“听辨”是口译过程中的第一个阶段。在这个过程中我们接收到源语信息，并通过种种分析手段把接收到的信息纳入到我们的理解范畴，以 便储存和输出。毫无疑问，口译的成败在很大程度上取决于听辨的过程。所以大家首先要对口译的听辨过程有一个透彻的认识，以便有针对性地进行练习，以提高自己的听辨能力。
口译中的听辨过程和大家平时在英语学习中所接受的听力训练是不同的，但二者又有一定的联系。
首先，具备良好的听力水平是培养好的听辨能力的基础。换句话说，如果一个人的外语听力有问题，那么无论他的语言表达能力有多强，他都很难胜任口译工作。然而光有好的听力还不够，因为听辨过程还 涉及到其他方面的能力。这一点可以从听力训练与听辨过程的区别中看出来。
1．英语的听力训练中比较注重语言层面，也就是说他们会十分注意语音、语调和语言的表达及用法等。而译员在听辨过程中所注重的是意思，或是讲话者的意图而不是具体的词句表达。所以译员在听到一 段话之后在头脑中形成的是一个有逻辑关系的语意整体，而不仅仅是词句的简单集合。
2．听力练习中主要启动听觉系统，理解只是一个被动而附带的过程。而译员在听辨过程中不仅要启动听觉系统，还要启动大脑中的分析理解机制和记忆机制。也就是说译员要边听、边分析、边理解、边记 忆。所以，与一般的外语学习相比较而言，专业译员要具有更强的分析能力，要会“一心多用”。
3．在听的过程中，信息接收是被动和跟随性的，对信息的反映略显滞后。而译员的听辨过程是积极而主动的。在听的过程中伴有很大程度的预测和判断行为。常常需要调动非语言因素对所听内容进行分 析、整理、补充和联想等。
4．用作听力训练的材料，信息比较清晰，杂音干扰较少。而译员在口译工作中所处的信息环境是现场性的，因此不确定性因素较多；信息干扰、信息缺失时有发生。而且，讲话者以交流为唯一目的，在信息发布过程中并不照顾或考虑译员的状态。综上所述，口译的听辨过程较一般外语听力训练过程要复杂得多，对能力的要求也要高得多。大家需要建立这样一个意识，即口译的过程不是一个信息背诵加字词翻译的过程。而是一个通过听辨将信息接收、理解，再用译入语将理解了的信息加以表达的过程。以下提供一些训练方法供大家参考，以英语听辨能力 的训练为主。
1．可以选择一些英文有声资料（最好是现场讲话）或是请练习搭档模拟现场发言。听过一段话后，在不记笔记的情况下用源语（英文）进行复述。注意在听的过程中要把注意力从词句表达上移开，而专注 于整段话的逻辑意思。在复述时不要拘泥于原文的词句，更不要试图背原话。意思和逻辑关系要尽量复述的准确完整。
2．在听辨训练的初级阶段，如果还不能完全掌握边听、边分析、边记忆的技能，可采取就所听内容进行提问的方式建立逻辑关系。比如可以将注意力放在WHAT、WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY 等几个要素上。通过这种方式增强逻辑分析意识，努力跟上讲话人的思路，从而对所听语篇有一个正确的理解。
3．每段讲话的长度可随熟练程度的加强而逐步增加：比如从听几句话到听一小段，从一小段到一大段到数段等。并且可以尝试听各种不同风格的讲话。选题也可以从比较熟悉的领域逐步扩展到比较陌生的 领域，以培养临场适应能力和分析综合的能力。
练习 1：
要求，认真听原文，不要记笔记，根据WHAT、WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY 几大要素总结段落大意。
Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches.
What’s the general idea of this short passage?
Compared with the Chinese, People in Europe, particularly in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, and how to use it. They cooked tea leaves as vegetable and served them with butter and salt and even made them part of Children’s sandwiches.
练习 2
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.
At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.
General idea：
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century.
On the continent, people used to drink tea without milk until a French lady invented the habit of drinking tea with milk.
“听辨”，顾名思义，不仅要“听”还要“辨”，即思考、分析。“听辨”是口译过程中的第一个阶段。在这个过程中我们接收到源语信息，并通过种种分析手段把接收到的信息纳入到我们的理解范畴，以 便储存和输出。毫无疑问，口译的成败在很大程度上取决于听辨的过程。所以大家首先要对口译的听辨过程有一个透彻的认识，以便有针对性地进行练习，以提高自己的听辨能力。
口译中的听辨过程和大家平时在英语学习中所接受的听力训练是不同的，但二者又有一定的联系。
首先，具备良好的听力水平是培养好的听辨能力的基础。换句话说，如果一个人的外语听力有问题，那么无论他的语言表达能力有多强，他都很难胜任口译工作。然而光有好的听力还不够，因为听辨过程还 涉及到其他方面的能力。这一点可以从听力训练与听辨过程的区别中看出来。
1．英语的听力训练中比较注重语言层面，也就是说他们会十分注意语音、语调和语言的表达及用法等。而译员在听辨过程中所注重的是意思，或是讲话者的意图而不是具体的词句表达。所以译员在听到一 段话之后在头脑中形成的是一个有逻辑关系的语意整体，而不仅仅是词句的简单集合。
2．听力练习中主要启动听觉系统，理解只是一个被动而附带的过程。而译员在听辨过程中不仅要启动听觉系统，还要启动大脑中的分析理解机制和记忆机制。也就是说译员要边听、边分析、边理解、边记 忆。所以，与一般的外语学习相比较而言，专业译员要具有更强的分析能力，要会“一心多用”。
3．在听的过程中，信息接收是被动和跟随性的，对信息的反映略显滞后。而译员的听辨过程是积极而主动的。在听的过程中伴有很大程度的预测和判断行为。常常需要调动非语言因素对所听内容进行分 析、整理、补充和联想等。
4．用作听力训练的材料，信息比较清晰，杂音干扰较少。而译员在口译工作中所处的信息环境是现场性的，因此不确定性因素较多；信息干扰、信息缺失时有发生。而且，讲话者以交流为唯一目的，在信息发布过程中并不照顾或考虑译员的状态。综上所述，口译的听辨过程较一般外语听力训练过程要复杂得多，对能力的要求也要高得多。大家需要建立这样一个意识，即口译的过程不是一个信息背诵加字词翻译的过程。而是一个通过听辨将信息接收、理解，再用译入语将理解了的信息加以表达的过程。以下提供一些训练方法供大家参考，以英语听辨能力 的训练为主。
1．可以选择一些英文有声资料（最好是现场讲话）或是请练习搭档模拟现场发言。听过一段话后，在不记笔记的情况下用源语（英文）进行复述。注意在听的过程中要把注意力从词句表达上移开，而专注 于整段话的逻辑意思。在复述时不要拘泥于原文的词句，更不要试图背原话。意思和逻辑关系要尽量复述的准确完整。
2．在听辨训练的初级阶段，如果还不能完全掌握边听、边分析、边记忆的技能，可采取就所听内容进行提问的方式建立逻辑关系。比如可以将注意力放在WHAT、WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY 等几个要素上。通过这种方式增强逻辑分析意识，努力跟上讲话人的思路，从而对所听语篇有一个正确的理解。
3．每段讲话的长度可随熟练程度的加强而逐步增加：比如从听几句话到听一小段，从一小段到一大段到数段等。并且可以尝试听各种不同风格的讲话。选题也可以从比较熟悉的领域逐步扩展到比较陌生的 领域，以培养临场适应能力和分析综合的能力。
练习 1：
要求，认真听原文，不要记笔记，根据WHAT、WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY 几大要素总结段落大意。
Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches.
What’s the general idea of this short passage?
Compared with the Chinese, People in Europe, particularly in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, and how to use it. They cooked tea leaves as vegetable and served them with butter and salt and even made them part of Children’s sandwiches.
练习 2
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.
At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.
General idea：
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century.
On the continent, people used to drink tea without milk until a French lady invented the habit of drinking tea with milk.
（编辑:卢晓雪）
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