温家宝中国农业和农村的发展道路之四
时间:2013/1/1 来源:新东方 浏览次数:1190
(二)关于新农村建设
2. The development of a new countryside
中央作出社会主义新农村建设部署以来，各地积极探索，扎实工作，取得了明显成效。但必须清醒看到，我国最大的发展差距仍然是城乡差距，最大的结构性问题仍然是城乡二元结构。城镇化的快速发展，为解决好“三农”问题创造了有利条件，但并不会自然带来农村面貌的较快改变，搞不好城乡差距还会继续扩大。同时还要看到，我国人口总规模巨大，即使今后城镇化水平大幅提高，仍将有数亿人生活在农村，必须让他们也过上现代文明生活。这就是我们一再强调要统筹城乡发展，一手抓城镇化一手抓新农村建设的基本考虑。必须强调，城镇化不可能取代新农村建设，城镇与农村在经济社会生活中的功能性差别不可能、也不应该被消除。不能把城镇建设的做法简单地套用到农村建设中去，不能把城镇的居民小区照搬到农村去、赶农民上楼。农村建设还是应该保持农村的特点，有利于农民生产生活，保持田园风光和良好生态环境。要统筹经济和社会发展，满足农民日益增长的物质、文化需求，建设好农民幸福生活的美好家园。
In accordance with the arrangements of the central government, local governments have made active and pragmatic efforts to develop a new countryside and thus achieved remarkable progress. However, we must be fully aware that the gap between urban and rural areas is still the broadest developmental gap we face, and that the urban-rural dual structure is the most serious structural problem in China. Rapid urbanization has created sound conditions for the resolution of problems concerning agriculture, rural residents and rural areas in China. Despite this, however, rapid urbanization will not automatically bring rapid change to rural areas, and in a worst case scenario, could even widen the gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time, we must also be aware that China will still have hundreds of millions of rural residents even after the country has achieved a high level of urbanization, which is due to the huge size of its population. We must ensure that these residents are able to enjoy modern and civilized lifestyles. This is why we frequently emphasize the need to balance the development of urban and rural areas and build a new countryside whilst promoting urbanization. It must be emphasized that urbanization is not an alternative to the development of a new countryside. At the same time, the differences in economic and social functions that set urban areas aside from rural areas cannot and should not be discarded. We should not indiscriminately apply our methods in urban development to rural development, nor should we establish the same residential districts in rural areas that we have done in urban areas, thus forcing rural residents to move into apartment buildings. Rural areas should be developed in a way that preserves rural characteristics. This development should be conducive to improving the working and living conditions of rural residents, keeping rural scenery intact, and preserving sound ecological environments. In addition, we should balance economic and social development, satisfy the constantly rising material and cultural demands of rural residents, and create ideal homes for our rural population.
一是持续改善农村基础设施。要切实提高规划的科学性、前瞻性，充分考虑今后农村人口布局的变化趋势，注重各类基础设施之间的衔接配套，充分发挥整体和长远效益。要坚持循序渐进，逐步提高水平。农村基础设施建设是一个动态的过程，不可能一劳永逸，并且随着经济社会发展，农民的要求会不断提高，建设内容要不断拓展，标准也要不断提升。要坚持建管并重，积极探索管理、运营的新机制，降低使用成本，让已建成的设施持久发挥作用。要多渠道增加投入，在调动农民积极性的同时，更加注重发挥公共财政的作用，长期坚持把国家基础设施建设的重点放到农村。加强对村庄规划和农村建房的指导，提高农村民居的设计和建设水平。
First, we should improve rural infrastructure on a constant basis. We should formulate plans that are more scientific and more oriented towards the future, fully consider trends in the distribution of the rural population, and pay attention to the integration of various infrastructures, with a view to optimizing their overall and long-term effects. We should improve rural infrastructure on a step-by-step basis. The construction of rural infrastructure is an ongoing process that cannot be completed in a single effort. Moreover, as the economy and society continue to develop, the requirements of rural residents will constantly increase. To meet these increasing requirements, we must continue to expand the range of the infrastructure that we construct and enhance the standards to which they are built. Equal emphasis should be placed on the construction and management of infrastructure. We should work actively to establish new mechanisms for the management and operation of infrastructure so as to reduce operational costs. By doing so, we shall ensure that pre-established infrastructure is able to play a long-term role. Funds should be raised through various channels. In addition to mobilizing rural residents, we should emphasize the role of public finance and identify the construction of rural infrastructure as our long-term priority in the construction of national infrastructure. We should step up efforts to oversee village planning and residential construction in rural areas, thereby enhancing the design and construction standard of residential houses in rural areas.
二是提高农村社会事业发展水平。要把加强农村义务教育放在整个教育的优先位置，紧紧抓住提高农村义务教育质量这个核心，加大经费保障力度，下大力气改善办学条件，扩大免费师范生计划，尽快培养一大批教学水平高、有志于农村教育事业的优秀教师，让农村孩子能够共享优质教育资源。要进一步巩固和发展新型农村合作医疗制度，充实农村医生队伍，推动优质卫生资源向农村覆盖。要加强农村公共文化服务体系建设，开展适合农村特点的文化活动，满足农民日益增长的精神文化需求。
Second, we should further develop social programs in rural areas. The priority of all our initiatives in education should be to improve compulsory education in rural areas. With a view to improving the quality of rural compulsory education, we should step up efforts to ensure sufficient funding for schools in rural areas, devote major efforts to improving conditions in schools, implement the plan to provide free education to students studying in teachers’ colleges on a larger scale, and rapidly foster a large contingent of excellent teachers who are professionally capable and devoted to rural education. These efforts will ensure that children in rural areas are able to enjoy high quality educational resources. We should further consolidate and develop the new rural cooperative medical care system, bolster our contingent of physicians in rural areas, and direct high quality health care resources towards rural areas. We should improve public service networks for culture in rural areas and launch cultural activities according to rural characteristics, so as to satisfy the constantly rising non-material and cultural demands of rural residents.
三是促进城乡社会保障一体化发展。我们已经按保基本、广覆盖、有弹性、可持续原则，搭建起农村社会保障制度框架。但要看到，农村社会保障在执行中还存在不少有待改进的地方，保障水平与城镇也有很大差距。今后一个时期，农村社会保障总的方向是完善制度、提高水平、逐步并轨。完善制度，就是要针对实践中暴露出的问题对现行政策和办法进行修订完善。提高水平，就是要加大对农村社会保障的支持，使保障水平能够随着经济发展相应提高。逐步并轨，就是要在城乡社会保障制度设计上协调一致，逐步缩小保障水平上的差距，最终迈向城乡一体化。
Third, we should promote the integration of urban and rural social safety nets. We have established the framework for a social safety net in rural areas that guarantees basic needs, provides broad coverage, and is flexible and sustainable. However, there are still many problems to be resolved in the implementation of safety net policies in rural areas, and there is still a significant gap in the levels of assurance between rural and urban areas. Therefore, for a period of time to come, our general approach to social safety nets in rural areas will be to improve systems, raise standards, and gradually bring rural systems in line with urban systems. To improve systems, we must revise and improve our current policies and methods in response to the major problems that we have encountered during the process of implementation. To raise standards, we must provide social safety nets in rural areas with greater support, thereby ensuring that they can advance in step with economic growth. To gradually integrate social safety nets, we should coordinate the design of safety net systems in urban and rural areas, and gradually close the gap in standards between urban and rural areas. This way, we will move a step closer to the eventual integration of social safety nets in urban and rural areas.
（编辑:鸿雁）
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