温家宝中国农业和农村的发展道路之三
时间:2013/1/1 来源:新东方 浏览次数:845
二、准确把握农业农村发展中的几个重大问题
II. Major issues concerning agricultural and rural development
当前和今后一个时期，我国仍将处于工业化城镇化快速发展阶段。遵循经济社会发展规律，立足我国基本国情农情，同步推进工业化城镇化和农业现代化，建设社会主义新农村，是关系改革开放和现代化建设全局的重大任务。我一直在思考这些问题。这里，我谈点认识与想法。
China will continue to undergo a rapid process of industrialization and urbanization for a period of time to come. Therefore, our main task should be to synchronize the modernization of agriculture with industrialization and urbanization and develop a new socialist countryside in accordance with the rules of economic and social development and the fundamental realities of China and its rural areas. This is a major task that will have a bearing on China’s overall modernization and the reform and opening up drive. I have given much thought to this subject, and would like to take this opportunity to talk about some of my thoughts.
(一)关于发展现代农业
1. The development of modern agriculture
对我们这样一个人口众多的大国来说，立足国内解决粮食和主要农产品供给问题，始终是治国安邦的头等大事。在推进工业化城镇化的进程中绝不可忽视农业现代化。综合分析各方面情况，今后保持农产品供求平衡的任务将更加艰巨。一方面，人口总量将继续增长，城镇化率和城乡居民消费水平将不断提高，农产品的工业用途不断拓宽，全社会对农产品需求会持续增长、质量安全要求不断提升。另一方面，耕地和水资源紧缺、农业生产成本上涨、青壮年劳动力减少、环境污染和生态退化等问题突出，农业稳定发展的难度越来越大。同时，国际上农业丰歉、石油价格涨跌、投机资本炒作、货币汇率波动等对我国农产品市场供求和价格产生明显影响。促进农业发展、保障粮食等农产品供给决非易事，根本出路在于加快推进现代农业建设，不断提高农业综合生产能力。
As a country with a large population, self-sufficiency in the supply of grain and other major farm produce will always be the first priority of national governance and security. For this reason, we cannot neglect the modernization of agriculture as we push forward industrialization and urbanization. Various factors indicate that we will face an even greater challenge in balancing the supply and demand of agricultural produce in the future. On one hand, China’s population will continue to grow, the rate of urbanization and levels of consumption among urban and rural residents will constantly rise, and agricultural produce will be used more widely by industry. These trends will drive up the aggregate demand for farm produce, and lead to higher expectations regarding the quality and safety of produce. On the other hand, the stable development of agriculture will be increasingly threatened by shortages of farmland and water, the increasing cost of agricultural production, the decline of the young labor force, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation. At the same time, the supply, demand, and prices of farm produce in our market are strongly influenced by worldwide farm output, changes in the price of oil, capital speculation, and exchange rate fluctuations. Promoting agricultural development and ensuring the supply of grain and other farm produce are no easy task. The only fundamental solution is to accelerate the development of modern agriculture and continually enhance our comprehensive production capacity in agriculture.
一是坚持实行最严格的耕地保护和水资源管理制度。这些年我们在保护耕地方面态度坚决、措施严厉，但耕地每年仍以几百万亩的速度被占用。今后一个时期，随着工业化城镇化的推进，保护耕地面临的压力会更大，必须坚决实行最严格的耕地保护制度和最严格的节约用地制度。在这个事关民族生存发展、子孙后代长远生计的问题上，没有任何讨价还价的余地。要总结一些地方建立耕地保护补偿制度、加强耕地质量建设的成功经验，加快建立健全耕地保护和建设的长效机制。同时，加大中低产田改造力度，不断提高高标准农田比重。我国是一个淡水资源稀缺的国家，今后缺水问题会更加突出。中央已对加强水利改革发展作出了全面部署，要认真落实各项措施，严格实行用水总量控制、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污制度，突出加强农田水利等薄弱环节建设，大力发展节水农业，着力破除水资源紧缺对农业发展的制约。
First, we must persist in implementing the strictest possible farmland protection and water resource management systems. Over recent years, we have resolutely and strictly implemented a series of measures to protect arable land. Despite this, however, hundreds of thousands of hectares of farmland are still appropriated for nonagricultural purposes every year. As industrialization and urbanization continue, we will face increasing pressure in the protection of arable land in the period ahead. Thus, we must continue to implement the strictest possible system of arable land protection and conservancy. This is vital to the survival and development of the nation and the long-term livelihood of our future generations, so there can be no compromise. We should learn from the successful practices of some local governments in establishing compensation systems for farmland protection and improving the quality of arable land, so that we can accelerate the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the protection and development of farmland. At the same time, we should step up efforts to upgrade low and medium-yield farmland and increase the proportion of high-yield arable land. China faces a shortage of fresh water resources, and this shortage is set to become more severe in the future. The central government has made overall arrangements for reform and development initiatives concerning water conservancy, and all local governments must thoroughly implement the policies of the central government. Governments at all levels must strictly control total water consumption and water efficiency, and limit the total amount of water pollutants that drain into different water function areas. Moreover, we should focus on improving weak links such as the construction of farmland irrigation facilities. By engaging in a major effort to develop water-saving irrigation, we will strive to overcome the constraints that water shortages have on our agricultural development.
二是毫不动摇地稳定和完善农村基本经营制度。以家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制，是农村的基本经营制度。对这项制度，我们历来讲两句话。讲稳定，是因为这项制度适应社会主义市场经济体制、符合农业生产特点、符合农民群众愿望，是党的农村政策的基石。讲完善，是因为农业生产力在发展，农业生产关系必须不断地与之相适应。实际上我们一直在完善这项制度。从收入分配看，开始是“交够国家的、留足集体的，剩下全是自己的”，现在全都由农民自己支配。从承包期限看，第一轮是15年不变，第二轮延长为30年不变，现在又进一步明确为长久不变。从统分结合的关系看，过去的“统”单纯靠村组集体，现在靠农民合作和多元化、多层次、多形式的经营服务体系。但在工业化城镇化快速推进的背景下，农业发展也面临新的挑战，主要是随着农村劳动力持续向外转移，一些地方农忙季节缺人手问题越来越突出、务农劳动力老龄化越来越明显、农业兼业化副业化越来越普遍。“谁来种地”、“地怎么种”，日益成为我们必须面对和解决好的重大问题。解决这些问题，要把握好三点：第一，大力发展农民专业合作社和各种农业社会化服务组织，为农户提供低成本、便利化的生产经营服务。第二，按照依法自愿有偿原则，鼓励和引导农户流转土地承包经营权，发展专业大户、家庭农场等多种形式的适度规模经营。将来农业经营形式会多样化，但家庭经营任何时候都是最基本的形式。国家鼓励工商企业为农户提供产前、产中、产后服务，不提倡工商企业大面积、长时间直接租种农户的土地。第三，推进农业现代化和规模化，需要培养一代新型农民。要加快发展农村职业教育，鼓励有文化和农业技能的青壮年农民留在农村。这件事关系农业长远发展，要作为一项基础性重大工程来抓。
Second, we must take unswerving measures to stabilize and improve the basic operation system in rural areas. Our two-tier management system of agriculture based on household contract system and a combination of unified management with independent operation represents our fundamental system for rural operation. We have remained committed to two principles whilst developing this system. The first principle is stability. Stability is important because this system is not only suited to the socialist market economy, but also accords with the characteristics of agricultural production and the will of rural residents, acting as the cornerstone of the Party’s rural policies. The second principle is constant improvement. As agricultural productive forces continue to develop, agricultural production relations must keep up with them. In fact, we have made constant efforts to improve this system. For example, in terms of income distribution, income from farming used to be divided between the government, collectives, and farmers, but now farmers can retain all of their income from farming. On the other hand, the first term for household farmland contracts was 15 years, the second term was extended to 30 years, and now we have made it clear that these contracts are permanent. As for the relationship between unified management and independent operation, in the past the only form of unified management was village collectives. However, unified management now includes cooperation between rural residents and a diverse, multi-faceted system for operation and services. However, as industrialization and urbanization progress rapidly, we are now beginning to face new challenges in agricultural development. With the constant transfer of the rural labor force to cities, some rural areas are experiencing labor shortages during the busy farming season. At the same time, the rural labor force is showing clear signs of ageing, and farming as a part-time profession is becoming increasingly common. As this occurs, we will face an increasingly serious problem of who will farm and how they will farm. To solve these problems, we should maintain a solid grasp of three aspects. First, we should devote major efforts to developing specialized farmer cooperatives and a variety of organizations to provide services for agriculture, so as to provide rural households with low-cost and convenient services to support their production and operation. Second, we should encourage rural households to transfer contracted land-use rights legally, willingly, and in exchange for compensation, and use this as a means of developing various forms of moderately large-scale operation in agriculture, including large farming households and family farms. Though we will see increasingly diverse forms of operation in the future, the most fundamental form will always be household operation. The government encourages industrial and commercial enterprises to provide rural households with services before, during, and after the production process, but does not advocate the leasing of large areas of farmland from households for cultivation on a long-term basis. Third, we must promote modernization and large-scale production in agriculture. To do this, we need to foster a new breed of farmers. We need to develop vocational education in rural areas and encourage young and middle-aged farmers who are well educated and skilled to stay in rural areas. This is vital to the long-term development of agriculture, and therefore must be approached as a fundamental task.
三是坚持不懈地推进农业科技进步。我国农业发展到今天，已经到了更加依靠科技突破资源环境约束、实现持续稳定发展的新阶段，必须把农业科技摆上更突出的位置。要大力增强农业科技创新能力，加强农业基础性、前沿性科学研究，抓好生物技术特别是优良品种培育，抢占农业高技术领域的制高点。加快科研体制改革，推动资源整合，着力解决科技创新和农业生产脱节的问题。加强农技推广体系建设，稳定和强化基层公益性农技推广机构，加快发展社会化农技服务组织，着力解决“最后一公里”问题。积极发展现代种业，加快培育一批育繁推一体化的大型种子企业。适应农村劳动力结构出现的新变化，积极发展农机装备业，加大农机具购置补贴力度，全面提高农业机械化水平。
Third, we must remain committed to promoting the advance of agricultural technology. The development of agriculture in China has now reached the stage where we are becoming more reliant on the application of science and technology to overcome environmental and resource constraints and realize sustained and stable development. Therefore, greater emphasis must be given to science and technology in agriculture. We should devote major efforts to strengthening our capacity for technological innovation in agriculture, increase support for research into cutting-edge and foundation agricultural technologies, develop biotechnologies, and place a particular emphasis on the cultivation of superior crop varieties so as to ensure that we are able to seize the high ground in the development of advanced agricultural technologies. We should accelerate the reform of the scientific research system and promote the integration of resources in order to effectively address the problem of technological innovation being divorced from agricultural production. We should strengthen the development of the agricultural technology extension system, promote the steady and robust development of public agricultural technology extension institutions at local levels, and step up our efforts to encourage various sectors of society to provide services related to agricultural technology. By doing do, we will be able to overcome the final obstacle preventing us from placing agricultural technologies in the hands of farmers. We should actively develop a modern seed cultivation industry and accelerate the development of large-scale seed enterprises that integrate the cultivation, reproduction, and distribution of seeds. We should energetically develop the farming machinery and equipment industry, increase subsidies for the purchase of farm machinery and tools, and advance the level of agricultural mechanization in accordance with the changes that have taken place in the structure of the rural labor force.
四是持续加大农业支持保护力度。建设现代农业离不开国家的支持保护。这与工业化城镇化进程中农业比较效益低、容易出现萎缩有关，也与农业承载多种功能、在经济社会发展中始终具有不可替代的基础作用有关。我国农业已进入高成本时期，既要保障农民的经济利益、调动他们的生产积极性，又要考虑城镇中低收入者的承受能力，不断加大农业补贴力度是一项长期政策。要继续加大财政支出、国家固定资产投资、土地出让收益和信贷资金对农业的投入。
Fourth, we should continue to step up our efforts to support and protect agriculture. The development of modern agriculture will not be possible without the support and protection of the government. This is because under the backdrop of urbanization and industrialization, the comparatively low profitability of agriculture can easily lead to the decline of agriculture. Moreover, government support is also necessary because agriculture performs a number of functions, playing a fundamental role in economic and social development that cannot be replaced. China’s agriculture has entered a period of high operating costs. During this period, not only must we safeguard the economic interests of rural residents and motivate them to engage in production, but at the same time, we must also consider the capacity for medium and low earning urban residents to cope with rising costs. Therefore, we must identify the constant increase of agricultural subsidies as a long-term policy. In addition, we should continue to increase investment in agriculture using government spending, state fixed assets investment, income from the transfer of land, and credit funds.
加入世界贸易组织10年来，我国劳动密集型农产品出口快速增长，部分土地密集型农产品进口增加较多，总体上反映了我国人多地少水缺的资源禀赋特征。适度进口结构性短缺农产品，对缓解国内资源紧缺矛盾、保障市场供给是必要的，但必须把握好“度”。对于我们这样一个有着十几亿人口的大国来说，立足国内基本解决吃饭问题的方针绝不能动摇。今后农业对外开放的广度和深度还会进一步拓展。这要求我们进一步提高统筹利用国际国内两个市场、两种资源的能力，完善农产品进出口战略规划和调控机制，从长计议，趋利避害，争取主动。
Since China’s entry into the WTO a decade ago, in addition to rapid increases in the export of labor-intensive farm produce, there have also been considerable increases in the import of certain varieties of land intensive farm produce, a trend which is illustrative of China’s large population and its shortages of land and water. Within moderation, the import of varieties of agricultural produce in short supply will allow us to mitigate resource shortages and ensure market supply in China. However, the quantity of such imports should be kept at a rational level. As a nation with a population of over one billion people, we must adhere to the principle of relying on ourselves to feed our population. As our agricultural sector becomes more open to the outside world, we will be required to further enhance our capacity to make coordinated use of domestic and foreign markets and domestic and foreign resources. By enhancing our strategic planning and the mechanisms we employ to regulate the import and export of farm produce, we should plan ahead, make the best use of favorable conditions, avoid risks, and seize the initiative.
（编辑:鸿雁）
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