温家宝中国农业和农村的发展道路之二
时间:2013/1/1 来源:新东方 浏览次数:1057
农业农村工作历尽艰辛，取得的成就来之不易。这些年来，各种自然灾害特别是水旱灾害频繁发生，耕地数量不断减少，农业劳动力大量转移，农业生产成本持续攀升，农业国际竞争压力加大。在这种情况下，农业农村发展能够保持好局面，最根本的原因是中央政策对头、措施得力。我们确立了把解决好“三农”问题作为全党工作重中之重的战略思想，制定了工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活的指导方针，明确了在工业化城镇化深入发展中同步推进农业现代化、加快形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的根本要求。我们提出了走中国特色农业现代化道路的基本方向，部署了加快发展现代农业、建设社会主义新农村的战略任务。我们积极调整国民收入分配格局和城乡利益关系，把基础设施建设和社会事业发展的重点转向农村，把国家财政新增教育、卫生、文化等事业经费和固定资产投资增量主要用于农村，让公共财政的阳光更多地照耀到农村。我们坚持不懈推进农村改革创新，在一些关键环节上取得了重大突破。这些年，我们集中力量，办了很多事关农业农村长远发展的大事、关系农民切身利益的好事，很多具有划时代和里程碑意义。
Our hard-won achievements are the result of our enduring dedication to agricultural and rural initiatives. China has suffered from frequent natural disasters over recent years, especially droughts and floods. At the same time, we have also been confronted with problems such as the loss of arable land, the transfer of the rural labor force, rising agricultural production costs, and the increasing pressure of international competition in agriculture. In spite of these circumstances, however, China has been able to keep its agricultural and rural development steadily on track. The fundamental reason for this is that the central government has adopted the right policies and taken effective measures. At the strategic level, we have identified the resolution of problems in regard to agriculture, the countryside and rural residents as the number one priority in the agenda of the entire Party. On this basis, we have formulated the policies of nurturing agriculture through industry, supporting the countryside through urban initiatives, and increasing investment, relieving burdens, and loosening constraints. At the same time, we have also identified the fundamental requirement of promoting the modernization of agriculture in step with industrialization and urbanization and accelerating the integration of economic and social development in urban and rural areas. We have defined a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics as our basic approach, and outlined the strategic tasks of accelerating the development of modern agriculture and building a new socialist countryside. To accomplish these tasks, we have taken active steps to adjust national income distribution and balance the interests of urban and rural areas. The focus of infrastructure development and social programs has been shifted towards rural areas, and a major proportion of additional government investment in education, health, culture, and fixed assets has been allocated to rural areas, thereby allowing rural areas to benefit more from public finance. We have also made unremitting efforts to promote reform and innovation in rural areas, leading to major breakthroughs in certain key aspects. In recent years, we have focused our efforts on resolving issues affecting the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas as well as the immediate interests of rural residents. In many cases, these efforts have led to milestone achievements.
第一，取消农业税，调整国家和农民的分配关系。实行家庭承包经营制度后，农村分配关系有了很大调整，农民得到实惠明显增加，但仍然要缴纳农业税，还要承担许多维持基层运转和公共事业发展的费用，再加上各种乱收费乱罚款乱集资，农民负担沉重，由此引发的恶性案件和干群冲突时有发生。为从根本上解决这个问题，我们从2000年开始进行农村税费改革试点。通过正税清费、降低税率，2006年最终在全国取消农业税，延续了2600年的按地亩向农民征税的制度从此退出历史舞台，全国农民每年减轻负担1335亿元。为巩固农村税费改革成果，彻底跳出历史上农民负担循环往复、不断加重的“黄宗羲定律”，我们及时推进农村综合改革，带动了农村上层建筑的变革和进步。这一系列重大改革，理顺了国家、集体、农民的分配关系，开启了让农民休养生息的新时代。
First, we have abolished agricultural taxes and adjusted the distribution between the government and rural residents. The introduction of household contract system led to significant adjustments in rural distribution, allowing rural residents to enjoy much greater tangible benefits. However, rural residents not only still had to pay agricultural tax, but also fees for the operation of local governments and the development of public programs. Moreover, rural burdens were made even heavier by various unwarranted charges, fines and funds-raising, often being the cause of malicious incidents and conflicts between cadres and the public at that time. In an effort to find a fundamental solution to this problem, the government began trials for the reform of the rural tax and fee system in the year 2000. These efforts began with the standardization of taxation, the streamlining of fees, and the lowering of tax rates, and culminated in the eventual abolishment of agricultural tax throughout China in 2006. This marked the end of agricultural taxation in China, a practice whose roots can be traced back 2,600 years. The total abolition of agricultural tax has exempted China’s rural residents from 133.5 billion yuan in tax payments per year. Building on the successful reform of rural taxes and fees, the government set out to break the cycle of the Huang Zongxi Law once and for all, which sees rural burdens increase in a perpetual cycle. To do this, we proceeded with the comprehensive reform of rural areas, which brought both change and progress to the rural superstructure. Through a series of major reforms, we were able to standardize the distribution between the government, collectives, and rural residents, thereby ushering in a phase of recuperation for the rural population to regain its strength.
第二，实行农业生产补贴，强化对农业的支持保护。我们实行了种粮农民直接补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴和农资综合补贴，2011年中央财政用于“四补贴”的支出达到1406亿元。我们把补贴政策拓展到畜牧业、林业、草原、节水灌溉和农业保险等领域。实行粮油、生猪等生产大县财政奖励补助，2011年中央财政安排资金达到255亿元。这些政策，有效调动了农民和地方政府发展农业生产的积极性。
Second, we have subsidized agricultural production and stepped up efforts to support and protect agriculture. We have granted direct subsidies for grain production, subsidies for planting superior seed varieties, subsidies for the purchase of farm machinery and tools, and general subsidies for agricultural supplies. The central government made 140.6 billion yuan in payouts for these four subsidies in 2011. In addition, we have extended the scope of subsidies to cover animal husbandry, the forestry industry, grasslands, water-conserving irrigation, and agricultural insurance. The government has also offered awards and subsidies for counties with high outputs of grain, cooking oil, and pigs. A total of 25.5 billion yuan in central budget expenditure was assigned for such awards and subsidies in 2011. These policies have motivated rural residents and local governments to participate actively in the development of agricultural production.
第三，全面放开粮食购销，迈出农产品市场化改革的决定性步伐。在主销区和产销平衡区先行放开的基础上，2004年我们果断决定全部放开粮食购销，实行最低收购价政策。这项改革，使所有农产品流通纳入了市场化运行的轨道，是社会主义市场经济体制改革的重大成果，为充分发挥市场在农业资源配置中的基础性作用、促进农业发展提供了制度保障。
Third, we have liberalized the purchase and sale of grain, taking a decisive step towards the market-based trading of agricultural produce. After successful reform trials in major grain purchasing regions and regions where the production and sale of grain are balanced, we took resolute action to liberalize the purchase and sale of grain on a nationwide basis in 2004. This was complemented by the enforcement of a minimum purchase price policy. This reform subjected the circulation of all agricultural produce to market forces, representing a huge achievement in the development of the socialist market economy. Moreover, these policies ensured that the market could play a basic role in the allocation of agricultural resources, thereby promoting the development of agriculture.
第四，推进集体林权制度改革，调动农民造林护林积极性。2003年我们启动集体林权制度改革试点，将林地承包经营权和林木所有权落实到农户，实现“山定权、人定心、树定根”。2008年这项改革推向全国。集体林权制度改革将家庭承包经营从耕地拓展到林地，是对农村基本经营制度的丰富和完善，是调动亿万农民积极性、构建绿色生态屏障的重大举措。
Fourth, we have reformed tenure in collective forests, encouraging rural residents to plant trees and protect forests. Trials for the reform of tenure in collective forests were launched in the year 2003. The trials, which granted rural households with rights to the operation of forestland and ownership over the trees therein, were successful in establishing rights to forestland, clarifying the ownership of trees, and putting the minds of the people at ease. Following successful trials, the reform of tenure in collective forests was implemented on a nationwide scale in 2008. By bringing forestland under the coverage of the household contract system, which had previously only applied to farmland, we were able to further enrich and enhance China’s basic system of rural operation. Furthermore, these reforms motivated millions of rural residents to participate actively in the building of an ecological barrier in China.
第五，改革农村义务教育经费保障机制，实现真正意义上的免费义务教育。我们从改革农村义务教育经费保障机制入手，逐步把教师工资、公用经费等支出纳入公共财政保障范围。我们先在贫困地区实行“两免一补”政策，并逐步将义务教育免费扩大到全国农村。最近我们又决定，在集中连片特困地区实施农村义务教育阶段学生营养改善计划。通过这些年的努力，我们在推动城乡义务教育均衡发展方面取得了重大进展，农村孩子都有学上、都能上得起学的目标已基本实现。
Fifth, we have reformed mechanisms to guarantee the funding of compulsory education in rural areas, making compulsory education genuinely free in China. Starting out with the reform of mechanisms to guarantee the funding of compulsory education in rural areas, we have gradually expanded the scope of public finance to cover teacher salaries and public expenditure in schools. After exempting tuition fees, miscellaneous fees, and textbook fees for rural students in impoverished areas, and granting living allowances to boarding students from poor rural families, we took gradual steps to make compulsory education free for all rural students. Recently, we have decided to offer healthy meal subsidies to students receiving compulsory education in impoverished rural areas. Due to our efforts over recent years, great progress has been made in promoting the balanced development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas, and we have essentially attained our goal of ensuring that all rural children are able to attend and stay in school.
第六，建立健全农村社会保障制度，消除农民后顾之忧。实行新型农村合作医疗制度，着力解决农民看病难看病贵问题。建立农村最低生活保障制度，为农村生活困难人口提供兜底的基本生活保障。推动新型农村社会养老保险，促进农民养老方式实现重大转变。在短短几年时间内，基本建立起覆盖数亿农民的农村社会保障三项制度，几千年来中国农民“老有所养”、“病有所医”、“困有所济”的愿望正在实现。
Sixth, we have strengthened the social safety net in rural areas to provide rural residents with a stronger sense of security. We have introduced a new rural cooperative medical care system with a view to addressing the high cost and difficulty of securing access to medical care in rural areas. We have established a basic living allowance system to guarantee that the basic needs of disadvantaged people in rural areas can be met. We have also promoted a new type of pension insurance for rural residents in order to change the way that rural residents provide for old age. In the space of just a few years, we have managed to bring hundreds of millions of rural residents under the coverage of these three social safety nets. For the first time ever, Chinese rural residents are now able to receive a pension in their old age, receive medical care when they are ill, and receive aid if they are poor.
第七，清除不合理政策和限制，公平对待农民工。改革开放以来，进城农民工为推进工业化城镇化作出了巨大贡献，但却长期没有受到公平对待，合法权益得不到有效保护。我们本着以人为本的理念，提出要善待农民工，2003年果断废止城市收容遣送条例，着手消除对农村劳动力合理流动、进城务工经商的束缚，大规模开展清理拖欠农民工工资行动，大力整治农民工劳动就业环境。2006年国务院出台解决农民工问题的文件，对做好农民工工作进行全面部署。近年来，农民工就业领域不断拓宽，工资水平逐步提高，随迁子女入学问题加快解决。在农民工问题上，从缺乏公平对待到善待、从限制进城到提供服务的根本性转变，是实现社会公平正义的重大进展。
Seventh, we have eliminated unreasonable policies and restrictions so that rural migrant workers may receive fair treatment. Despite having made an enormous contribution to China’s industrialization and urbanization since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, rural migrant workers have long been subject to unfair treatment in the cities where they reside, and their legal rights and interests have failed to be effectively safeguarded. Adhering to the principle of putting people first, we advocated that rural migrant workers should be well treated. In 2003, we took resolute action to scrap measures regarding the handling of indigent migrants, and set out to remove restrictions on the flow of the rural labor force, making it easier for rural residents to seek employment and do business in cities. In addition, we engaged in a large-scale effort to urge the settlement of wages owed in arrears to rural migrant workers and improve their working conditions. In 2006, the State Council promulgated a document concerning the resolution of problems faced by rural migrant workers, outlining the overall arrangements for our initiatives in regard to rural migrant workers. In recent years, rural migrant workers have come to enjoy an increasingly wide range of options for employment. Not only have wage levels gradually gone up, but faster progress has also been made in the resolution of problems concerning the schooling of their children in cities. Where rural migrants were once treated unequally, they are now entitled to fair treatment, and where they were once restricted from entering cites, they are now eligible to benefit from public services. These fundamental changes represent a major advance towards social equality and justice.
经过这些年的不懈努力，我们不仅创造了巨大的物质财富，推动了农村发展进步，而且取得了丰硕的“三农”理论成果，积累了解决“三农”问题的宝贵经验，初步形成了强农惠农富农的政策体系，基本建立起符合统筹城乡发展要求的制度框架，进一步探索和拓宽了适合我国国情的农业农村发展道路。
Owing to our unremitting efforts over recent years, we have not only created vast material wealth and promoted the development and progress of rural areas, but have also made significant theoretical achievements and accumulated a wealth of valuable experience in regard to resolving problems concerning agriculture, rural residents and rural areas. On this basis, we have formulated an initial group of policies to strengthen agriculture, benefit rural residents, and allow people in rural areas to prosper, established a basic framework of institutions geared towards balancing the development of urban and rural areas, and progressively expanded an approach to agricultural and rural development that is suited to China’s national conditions.
（编辑:鸿雁）
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