中英时政翻译中“XX化”的译法
现代汉语中,“化”是一个在构词中十分常用且意义极其灵活的词尾。“-化”用来对译英文词中的"-ize",是由日本的译文传到中国的,如现代化modernize,工业化industrialize,由于类化的结果,现代汉语中出现了更多以化结尾的词(参见王力《汉语史稿》),成为现代汉语书面语的常用表达之一。以“化”字结尾的词具有高度的抽象性、概念性,因而在自然科学、社会科学学术话语以及时政话语中均被大量使用。同时,由于此类词的使用后来已经泛化,与英文中“-ize”已经无法全部一一对译了,且语意一般比较抽象晦涩,在译成英文时有时反而成了问题。
“化”字跟在某个字、名词或者形容词后可以构成一个动词,常常用以描述一个变化的过程,因此同时又可以作为指称这个过程的名词。英文中可以用ize和iztion这两个不同的词缀来区分动词和名词,汉语则无法从形式上区分词性,只能根据语境进行判断。
下面,根据二十大报告的译文,对“化”字尾的词语的译法做一个梳理。
第一种情况,如果“化”字尾的词有对应的-ize, -ized, -ization后缀的英文单词,一般可以直接使用,如:
基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化。
basically achieve new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization.
坚持机械化信息化智能化融合发展。
We will continue integrated development of the military through mechanization, informatization, and the application of smart technologies.
但是,很多时候 “化”字尾的词在英文中并没有对应的词,这时就需要将其内含的意义和逻辑关系译出来。因此,第二种情况是可以将“xx化”译为形容词,其意义相当于是“基于……的”或“符合……的”,有时为了凸显变化的动态性,可以译为形容词比较级,如:
营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。
We will foster a world-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized.
推动经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化是实现高质量发展的关键环节。
A green and low-carbon economy and society are crucial to high-quality development.
推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展。
We will move the manufacturing sector toward higher-end, smarter, and greener production.
健全各种制度化协商平台,推进协商民主广泛多层制度化发展。
improve various institutional consultative platforms, so as to promote extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy.
推动理想信念教育常态化制度化,
We will develop and institutionalize regular activities to foster ideals and convictions,
完善网格化管理、精细化服务、信息化支撑的基层治理平台,健全城乡社区治理体系。
Primary-level social governance platforms featuring grid-based management, meticulous services, and IT support will be improved to strengthen urban and rural community governance.
推进政治监督具体化、精准化、常态化。
We will conduct concrete, targeted, and regular political oversight.
第三种情况是可以译为分词或介词短语形式的方式状语,表示整个过程的伴随状态,如:
统筹加强各方向各领域军事斗争,大抓实战化军事训练。
We have coordinated efforts to strengthen military work in all directions and domains and devoted great energy to training under combat conditions.
全面发展全过程人民民主,社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化全面推进。
We have comprehensively developed whole-process people’s democracy, made all-around progress in improving the institutions, standards, and procedures of our socialist democracy.
推进马克思主义中国化时代化是一个追求真理、揭示真理、笃行真理的过程。
Adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is a process of seeking, revealing, and applying truth.
全面推进国家各方面工作法治化。
We will see that all work of the state is carried out under the rule of law.
此外,“XX化”如果表达的意义难以用简单的词汇或短语翻出来,或者自身有一定模糊性,那就需要尽可能把其蕴含的意思翻译明白,如:
推进以人为核心的新型城镇化,加快农业转移人口市民化。
We will advance people-centered new urbanization and work faster to grant permanent urban residency to eligible people who move from rural to urban areas.
提高科技成果转化和产业化水平。
We will promote the industrial application of scientific and technological advances.
坚持我国宗教中国化方向,积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应。
We will remain committed to the principle that religions in China must be Chinese in orientation and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.
注:本文译例选自新华社受权发布的二十大报告中英文本。
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