AI时代，17个你需要知道的人工智能术语
时间:2019/5/24 来源:中译公司微信公众号 UNESCOCourier 浏览次数:1934
今天精选的文章来自联合国教科文组织全球公开发行的旗舰刊物《信使》。自1980年以来，《信使》中文版一直由教科文组织委托中译公司负责内容翻译。希望这篇文章能够让大家爱上这本优质的联合国杂志，也欢迎大家对译文进行探讨。
Archive:
Since the first UNESCO Courier in 1948, we have published more than 700 issues. Discover in this section its splendid and inspiring history.
自教科文组织《信使》杂志1948年创刊，我们共出版了700多期杂志，本版块将带领读者寻觅历史上每次思想火花的碰撞。
人工智能正快速侵入我们生活的方方面面，如果你想了解人工智能，就从支撑它的专用术语开始吧~~拿好小本本，赶快将以下17个术语记下来！
1. Algorithms
The word is derived from the name of the ninth-century Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, who introduced decimal numbers to the West. Today it means a series of instructions that must be executed automatically by a computer. Algorithms are at work in all areas, from search-engine queries and the selection of information suggested to internet users, to financial markets.
1. 算法
这个词源于公元九世纪波斯数学家阿尔·花剌子模的名字，是他把十进制数字引入西方。 这里的算法是指必须由计算机自动执行的一系列指令。从搜索引擎查询、向互联网用户推荐信息，再到金融市场，算法活跃在各个领域。人工生命这是一个跨学科研究领域，旨在以计算机或机器人的形式研发受生命系统启发的人工系统。增强人类这是超人类主义的理想，按照科学技术原则对人体进行干预，而个体在接受改造之后，各项机能都可以得到强化，这一过程为增强人类。兼具人与机器属性的个体能够跑得更快，在黑暗中也能看得清楚，可以忍受疼痛，具备更高的智力，能够抵抗疾病或死亡。“被修复的人”已经出现，“连接计算机”的假肢也日趋完善。随着用于军事目的的人造外部骨骼设备的发展，增强人类正在逐渐成为现实。
2. Augmented reality
The superimposition of virtual elements onto reality, calculated by a computer system in real time (such as sounds, 2D and 3D video images, etc.). This technique is used in video games and cinema, where the spectator interacts with virtual objects through sensors. It is also used for geolocation and heritage applications. For instance, the Cluny Abbey in France uses augmented reality screens, so visitors can visualize the town as it was in the fifteenth century.
2. 增强现实
增强现实是指由计算机系统实时计算形成的虚拟元素与现实的叠加（如声音、二维和三维视频图像等）。这种技术应用于视频游戏和电影，观众可通过传感器与虚拟物体进行互动，同时也应用于地理定位和遗产方面。例如，法国的克吕尼修道院采用增强现实屏幕，为游客展示 15 世纪古镇风貌。
3. Big data
A set of digital data that, through its volume, surpasses human intuition and analytical abilities. We generate some 2.5 trillion bytes of data every day on the internet, through emails, videos, weather information, GPS signals, online transactions, etc. No traditional computerized database management tool can process this mass of data – it has required the development of new algorithms to store, classify and analyse it.
3. 大数据
大数据是指一系列人类的直观理解和分析能力已无法企及的、体量巨大的数字数据。我们的电子邮件、视频、天气信息、全球卫星定位信号和在线交易等，每天会在互联网上生成大约2.5 万亿字节数据。任何一种传统的计算机数据库管理工具都无法处理如此海量的数据，因而需要开发新的算法对其进行存储、分析和分类。
4. Bioconservative
For transhumanists, people who criticize their ideal, augmented man are bioconservatives – regressive individuals who refuse to change the laws of life and nature, even though technology makes it possible to do so.
4. 生物保守派
超人类主义者认为，对于增强人类理想持批评态度的人就是生物保守派，是即便技术已经成熟，依然拒绝改变生命法则和自然规律的倒退者。
5. Cloud
Different computer systems involving a large number of computers connected to each other, and exchanging messages in real time over the internet. A calculation or the storage of information launched by one computer can therefore be carried out by a network of interconnected computers – thus creating a cloud.
5. 云
多个计算机系统，包含大量互相连接的计算机，并通过互联网实时交换信息。在一台计算机上启动的计算或信息存储可以通过联机网络来实现，从而创建一个云。
6. Deep learning
At the cutting edge of machine learning, this technique enables a machine to independently recognize complex concepts such as faces, human bodies, or images of cats. This is done by scouring millions of images picked from the internet – images that have not been labelled by humans. The result of a combination of learning algorithms and formal neural networks and the use of mass data, deep learning has revolutionized artificial intelligence. It has countless applications, including search engines, medical diagnosis, autonomous cars, etc. In 2015, the AlphaGo computer used deep learning to beat humans at Go, the ancient Chinese board game.
6. 深度学习
这是最尖端的机器学习技术，让机器能够独立识别复杂概念，如脸部、人体或猫的图像。要完成深度学习，需要浏览从互联网上选出的数百万张不带有人为标记的图像。深度学习将算法的学习与形式神经网络结合起来， 同时采用大量数据，彻底改变了人工智能。深度学习广泛应用于搜索引擎、医疗诊断、自动驾驶汽车等领域。2015 年，AlphaGo 程序利用深度学习，在围棋比赛中击败了人类棋手。
7. Formal neural networks
These are algorithms designed to be implemented by a computer, which aims to replicate the neural connections of the brain. Existing systems are much more limited than human intelligence. But they are still capable of estimating the speed of a vehicle according to movements of the accelerator pedal and the slope of the road; the hardness of a material as a function of its chemical composition and its processing temperature; or the solvency of a business according to its turnover, etc.
7. 形式神经网络
这些算法由计算机执行，旨在复制大脑的神经连接。现有系统虽远远落后于人类的智力，但能够根据油门的运动和道路的坡度来估算车辆时速，根据材料的化学成分和加工温度计算其硬度，还能够根据营业额推算公司的偿付能力。
8. Human cryogenics
The technique for the conservation of a human body or head in liquid nitrogen, after an individual’s death, with the aim of resuscitating it one day.
8. 人体冷冻技术
在人死后利用液氮保存人体或头部的技术，目的是有朝一日使其复苏。
9. Hybridization between humans and machines
This process allows a connection between the human body and a technological system. The connection can be physical, like a mind-controlled prosthetic arm, or virtual, like Google glasses, which are voice-controlled and which display information or images in a corner of the lenses that are superimposed on our usual vision.
9. 人机混合
在这个过程中，人体与技术系统实现连接。这种连接可以是实体的，如由大脑控制的假肢手臂；也可以是虚拟的，如声控谷歌眼镜，这种眼镜可以在镜片的一侧显示信息或图像，与普通视觉形成叠加。
10. Immersive virtual reality
A virtual, computer-generated universe, into which the user is immersed via various sensors or objects (glasses, sensory feedback suits, etc.). Immersion in virtual reality may involve the player of a video game or an aircraft pilot in training.
10. 浸入式虚拟现实
由计算机生成的虚拟世界，用户可以借助多种传感器或物体（眼镜、感官反馈装备等）实现身临其境。浸入式虚拟现实可应用于视频游戏或飞机驾驶员培训。
11. Internet of Things
A computing concept that describes the idea of everyday objects or places in the physical world that are connected to the internet, and are able to identify themselves to other devices. A connected object gathers data (temperature, speed, humidity, etc.) through sensors, and sends it, via the internet, for computer analysis. The object might be a vehicle, a watch, an industrial machine or even a parking space.
11. 物联网
这是一种计算概念，设想将现实世界中的日常物体或地点接入互联网，并且可以在其他设备上进行识别。联网的物体可以通过传感器收集数据（温度、速度、湿度等），并通过互联网发送给计算机进行分析。这种物体可能是车辆、手表、工业机器，甚至可能是一个停车位。
12. Machine learning
A machine uses an automatic learning programme to solve problems from examples, enabling it to compare and classify data, and even recognize complex shapes. Before the advent of deep learning in 2010, this type of programme needed to be overseen by humans – each image had to be explicitly designated as containing a human face, a cat’s head, etc., so that the machine could perform the requested recognition operation.
12. 机器学习
机器利用自动学习程序，通过实例学习解决问题，使其能够对数据进行比较并分类，甚至识别复杂的形状。在2010 年开发出深度学习之前，这类程序需要由人来监控，每个图像都经过精心挑选，必须包含人脸、猫头等内容，以便让机器能够按要求执行识别操作。
13. Mind uploading
According to transhumanists, our sensations, thoughts and emotions can all be summed up as neural connections. Mind uploading is the transhumanist idea that the “contents” of the human brain can be reduced to a set of information that could be translated into binary computer code, and thus uploaded into a computer.
13. 意识上传
超人类主义者认为，我们的感觉、思想和情绪都可以归结为某种神经连接。超人类主义者提出了意识上传理念，认为可以将大脑中的“内容”简化，译成二进制计算机代码，并上传到计算机。新联结主义该理论源于认知科学和神经科学领域。
14. Neo-connectionism
A theory arising from the fields of cognitive science and neuroscience, neo-connectionism proposes to develop computer models that aim to simulate learning by formal neural networks, the organization and functioning of which have been designed by analogy with physiological neural systems.
14. 新联结主义
提出开发计算机模型，模拟形式神经网络的学习过程。通过模拟生理神经系统，相关组织结构和功能的设计已经完成。
15. Semantic knowledge representation
Algorithms to formulate a sentence written in any language (for example, “Paul takes the bus to Berlin”) in logical form, so that a computer is able to interpret it. The machine can then make logical inferences (like deductions) that enable it to classify words into different categories and analyse the sentences submitted to it.
15. 语义知识表示
以符合逻辑的形式用任何语言编写句子的算法（如“保罗乘公共汽车去柏林”），以便计算机能够读懂其中的含义，而后进行逻辑推理（如推断），继而能够将单词分类并分析语句。
16. Transhumanism
A movement whose followers want to reach the “post-human” condition by eliminating disabilities, suffering, illness, ageing and death, through the “NBIC convergence” (the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science). They promote the use of human cloning, virtual reality, hybridization between humans and machines and mind uploading. Their opponents accuse them of excessive speculation, of founding a new mystical order which idolizes technology, and of fantasizing about a “superhuman” with eugenicist overtones.
16. 超人类主义
这种思潮的拥护者希望通过 NBIC 汇聚技术（融合纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术和认知科学的技术），消除残疾、痛苦、疾病、衰老和死亡，达到“后人类”状态。他们提倡采用人类克隆技术、虚拟现实、 人机混合及意识上传。反对者指责这些人过度投机，妄图建立一种崇尚技术的神秘秩序，幻想暗中借助优生学制造“超人”。
17. Weak AI/ Strong AI or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Weak AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) is the only form of AI that humanity has achieved so far – machines that are capable of performing certain precise tasks autonomously but without consciousness, within a framework defined by humans and following decisions taken by humans alone. Strong AI or AGI would be a machine that has consciousness and feelings, and is capable of providing solutions for any kind of problem – that is pure fiction, for now.
17. 弱人工智能、强人工智能或通用人工智能
现有的人工智能可以被定义为弱人工智能——在人为规定的框架内，可以按照人类做出的决定，独立执行某些精确任务，但不具备意识。强人工智能或通用人工智能将是具备意识和感觉的机器，并且能够为任何类型的问题提供解决方案，这在目前看来，还纯属设想。
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