试验汉英应用翻译技巧(4)
1、 用定语来扩张
1)单词定语:(形容词、分词、动名词、名词、数词、代词)
Beijing is well known for its glorious revolutionary tradition in modern Chinese history. 北京由于这在中国现代史上光荣的革命传统而著称。
The broken truck need to be repaired. 坏汽车需要修理。
There is an exciting news in today’s news paper. 今天报纸上有一侧令人兴奋的休息。
Have you finished your teaching plan? 你的教学计划做好了吗?
The school library has many books. 学校图书馆有许多图书。
Have you any books about English literature? 你有关于英国文学的书吗?
2)介词短语作定语:放在被修饰的名词之后
He bought a book on agriculture. 他买了本关于农业的书。
She is a woman with a hot temper. 她是一个脾气暴躁的女人。
She lost the key to the door. 她把房间的钥匙丢了。
3)不定式作定语:
Have you anything to say on this topic? 这个话题你还有什么要说的吗?
Do you have any car to be repaired? 你有车要修吗?
We have made a plan to fulfill the project within three weeks.
我们制定了三周内完成该项目的计划。
4)分词和分词短语:
他看见惊慌万状的人们试图从着火的房子里逃走。
He saw terrified people trying to get out of a burning building.
5)从句作定语:称之为定语从句
The man who is coming to speak to us tomorrow is Professor Li.
明天来给我们做报告的人是李教授。
We never forget the day when China won the right to hold Olympic Game in 2008.
我们将永远不会忘记中国获得2008年举办奥林匹克权的那一天。
6)定语从句关联词:关系代词:who whom whose which that
关系副词:when where why
2、 用状语来扩张
修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句。
说明时间、地点、方向、目的、原因、结果、方式、条件、让步、程度、伴随情况。
1) 副词作状语:
房子装修得挺漂亮。The house is adorned beautifully.
他坐在哪儿抽烟。 He sat there smoking.
请等一下。 Waite a moment.
2) 介词短语作状语:
他从口袋里拿了个钱包交给了他的妻子。
He took from his pocket a wallet and gave it to his wife.
民族斗争,说到底,是一个阶段斗争。
In final analysis, national struggle is a matter of class struggle.
3) 不定式作状语:
>我们冲上前去与他握手。
We all rushed forward to shake hands with him.
那天我进城看朋友。
The other day I went to see a friend of mine in town.
要学好外语,得要有好方法。
To learn a foreign language well we must have a good method.
4) 分词和分词短语:
他坐在那儿抽烟。
He sat there smoking.
他不知怎么办好,就去问老师。
Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
5) 从句作状语,起状语作用的从句称状语从句
You can’t do it well unless you work harder.
你若不更加努力,工作就做不好。
6) 状语从句关联词:
时间 When as while after before as soon as since till until whenever
地点 where wherever
原因 because since now that as
目的 that so that in order that(+may can could)
结果 so that so…that
让步 though although as even if even though however whatever whoever no matter
条件 if unless suppose supposing provided as(so)long as
a) 用名词性从句来扩张
主语从句 That he will come to the meeting is certain. 他来参会是肯定无疑的了。
表语从句 That is why they want to come. 这就是他们要来的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨似的。
宾语从句 History shows that wars are divided into two kinds, just and unjust.
历史上的战争分为两类:正义和非正义。
I wonder whether (if) they come or not. 我不知道他们来还是不来。
I was surprised at what he said. 他的讲话使我吃惊。
名词性从句关联词:
b) 连词 that whether if
c) 疑问代词 who what which
d) 疑问副词 when where how why
e) 用短语来扩张基本句型
i. 不定式短语做宾语:
晚饭后我喜欢看报纸。
He likes to read newspapers after supper.
ii. 动名词短语做宾语:
他们已经把机器修好了。
They have already finished repairing the machine.
iii. 分词短语做补语:
上午九点我见到他们在教室看书。
I saw them reading in the classroom at 9 am.
iv. 介词短语做状语:
她是班上最小的学生。
She is the youngest student in the class
七、特殊句型 1. There + be +…结构 There
are still three points that are worthy to be mentioned. 有三点仍然值得提一提。There is nothing permanent except change. 任何事没有一成不变的。 There is going to be a garden party in the park. 公园里有游园活动。 There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter. 对于这个问题似乎存在着误解。 On the third floor, there lived a young woman. 三楼住着一位年轻的妇女。 (类似的还有:to exist to come to stand to occur to lie)
八、翻译例句分析
例1. 她 用手 蒙住了 脸, 好像是 为了保护 眼睛。
主 状 谓 宾 连接词 目的状语
She covered her face with hands, as if to protect her eyes.
主 谓 宾 状 连接词 目的状语
译文分析:本句的英译文在语序上与汉语基本一致,但英语的状语“with hands”习惯上放在后面,译文中还增加了物主代词“her”,不定式“to”与汉语‘为了’意思相同。
本句的译法技巧:
(1)抓住主、谓、宾;
(2)摆好两个状语的位置:‘with hand’修饰谓语动词‘covered’.
to protect her eyes修饰整个句子,放在后面,用连接词‘as if’与主句连接。
例2. 他 好像 不知道 那回事 似的。
主 谓 宾
He looks as if he were ignorant of that affair.
译文分析:本句英语的词的顺序和表达方式就大不相同了。
汉语的主、谓、宾“他+不知道+那回事”
而英语采用的是表语从句he looks(系动词)as if(连词)引出后面的表语从句。‘不知道’用“to be ignorant of”句型来表达,正符合英语的习惯
本句的译法技巧:注意两种语言的转换:
中文‘好像…似的’? 英语 ‘to look as if ’‘不知道’ ?‘to be ignorant of ’句型英语译文把原文译成---主从复合句,所以在从句中要重复主语‘he’。
(编辑:zelda)